Valsningsförsök/Optimisation of hot rolling
Improving high strength steels with energy efficient process routes
Project leader: "Tadeusz Siwecki, Corrosion and Metals Research Institute"
Introduction
High strength steel products represent a strongly growing market segment and one that continues to show good profitability. These have a potential for cost reduction during both the processing of the steel and in its subsequent service. High strength steels with their increased load-bearing capacity mean that less steel can be used to achieve the same function and, therefore, an economy for the steel user. Less steel production while maintaining the same quality of function gives many environmental benefits viz. less disturbance from mining, less waste products, less release of CO2 into the atmosphere and lower energy consumption.Furthermore, during the continuous production of structural steels it is vital that the correct final condition is obtained directly since reprocessing is expensive or often impossible. The expected reduction in processing costs not only gives economic advantages but also an environmental gain due to the reduction in energy consumption by optimising TMCP processing and eliminating extra heat treatment. During the last decade the development of high strength steel has resulted in a wide variety of alloying and micro alloying combinations and processing technologies. The properties attained depend on the presence of small additions of vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, boron and/or titanium. Knowledge of the precipitation strengthening effect in the steels with different micro addition is very important for development of optimal rolling schedules with the aim of improving as-hot rolled mechanical properties and weld ability. A number of different steel families can be envisaged for improved strength according to the following outlines;
i.) V-Nb-(Ti) and V-Nb-Mo steels, with or without B, suitable
for high yield strength of both heavy and thin plates
ii.) Ni, Cu and Si additions are useful for developing high strength steel
plates with Re>550MPa and excellent HAZ toughness after
welding.
Goals
General
The aim of the present project is therefore to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength micro alloyed steels by optimisation of the slab reheating temperature/time, TMCP-processing parameters (reduction, FRT, accelerated cooling rate) and steel chemistry. SSAB Oxelösund AB, SSAB Tunnplåt AB and others desire to decrease the slab reheating temperature, to reduce the energy consumption, and improve surface quality of flat product. The goal is to find optimal slab reheating parameters prior to hot rolling, not only for economic reasons but also in respect of several environmental gains, namely:
1. Energy reduction and less release of CO2 into the atmosphere in
slab reheating furnaces by optimising time-temperature schedules
for different products.2. Optimisation of production security, rescue treatments and surface
quality during hot rolling (growth of oxide scales and its
consequence in terms of material loss and increased pickling
requirement) and for final product.3. Optimisation of products properties for reducing the preheat
treatment before welding and cutting. Pre-heating is very energy-
intensive. These developments place further technological demands
such as:4. Modification of chemical composition of the steel for application the
lower reheating temperatures.5. Consequence for hydrogen cracks and other faults in the material
as well as requirement for low hydrogen content / requirement for
diffusion annealing of slab (energy demanding).
Industrial
To propose production methods for high strength steels that are less energy consuming and more environmentally friendly.
Environmental
To decrease the emissions of carbon dioxide by ca 6700 tons/year and the electricity consumption by 5600 MWh/year and provide new advanced high strength steels that can be used for construction that in certain applications may be 20% lighter in weight. (Estimated effect +10 years from 2004, for Swedish steel- and scrap industry).
Work plan
The project is planned to include:
- Simulation of slabs reheating treatment and hot rolling in laboratory scale to be carried out at KIMAB and some pilot-scale processing carried out at MEFOS.
- Full-scale processing at SSAB Oxelösund and SSAB Tunnplåt.
- Detailed studies of the microstructure and properties of slabs and plates that will be carried out at KIMAB and SSAB.
Different grades of steels will be supplied by SSAB. The following grades of steels will be supplied with yield strength in the range of 700-1300MPa. TM-steel with lower yield strength than 700MPa will also be taken into consideration.Casting (full scale charges) and hot rolling of the two groups of special developed high strength (with Re>700MPa) steels with modified chemical composition for strips and plates have been carried out at SSAB Tunnplåt and SSAB Oxelösund.Two C-Mn steels with various C-Cr-Mo-Ti-Nb-Al-N contents originated from SSAB Oxelösund and three C-Mn steels with various Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti-Nb-V-B contents originated from SSAB Tunnplåt. In the case of heavy plate it is the special interest to study and characterise the microstructure through the plate thickness. Productivity aspects will be included relating to the effect of various slab-reheating treatments on the possibility of the thin and heavy plate hot rolling. These will be investigated and reported.
Deliverables for 2004-2008
The project will deliver to the recipients in the following form;
1. Planned scientific deliverables;
- to describe the methods for optimisation of the energy efficient processing routes for improving high strength steels micro alloyed with different micro addition,
- to improve a knowledge about the role of different strengthening mechanisms and how these can be utilised in practice,
- consequence for hydrogen cracks and other faults in the material as well as requirement for low hydrogen content / requirement for diffusion annealing of slab (energy - demanding),
- the new knowledge will be disseminated through publications, conference presentations and seminars.'
2. Planned user deliverables;
- to certify processing conditions for providing maximum strength and toughness properties of strip and heavy plates to the steel industry,
- gives information to steels producers about the effect of various slab reheating treatments during processing on;
- i.) improving the environment aspects (less release of CO2 into the atmosphere),
- ii.) energy reduction during processing,
- iii.) optimisation of production security, rescue treatments and surface quality during hot rolling (growth of oxide scales and its consequence in terms of material loss and increased pickling requirement) and for final product.
- iv.) productivity aspects for thin and heavy plates hot rolling,
- modification of chemical composition of the steel for application the lower reheating temperatures,
- optimisation of products properties for reducing the preheat treatment before welding and cutting.
Deliverables for 2004-2005
R & D activities | Status |
| KIMAB`s progress research report. | KIMAB`s progress research report 2005 |
Description of the applied methods and comparison of the obtained results will be presented in the report.
| Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process simulation using deformation dilatometer has been described,ThermoCalc predictions of precipitates dissolution during TMCP processing of present steels have been presented.Microstructure and strength properties have been determined. |
| Results from the laboratory test and the half production scale -tests will be distributed to the Swedish Steel Industry and presented at the KIMAB`s seminars during 2005.
| The following results has been obtained and presented; - precipitates dissolution during TMCP processing of present steels, - CCT diagrams with transformation characteristics during cooling, following TMCP processing, - Microstructure and strength properties of the two steels from SSAB Oxelösund. |
| A paper will be presented at the international conference on the project topic. | Not this year but next year. |
Deliverables for 2006
R & D activities | Status |
The simulation of thermo-mechanical treatments is carry out at KIMAB in laboratory scale on the present steels for hot strip and heavy plate production.
| The simulation of thermal and thermo-mechanical treatments have been carried out in laboratory scale on the three steels for hot strip and two steels for heavy plate. The following results were obtained; - phase transformation during cooling/ CCT-diagrams, - austenite grain size after reheating,Improved knowledge about transformation characteristics of the present steels. |
Analyses of microstructure and determination of mechanical properties of TMCP simulated specimens.
| The following results were determined and obtained on the TMCP treated specimens; - microstructure and mechanical properties on the simulated specimens, - the relationship between TMCP parameters and mechanical properties.Very promising results of lowered by 50°C reheating temperature on the mechanical properties of the present steels has been obtained. Improved of yield stress with lowering of Treh has been noted for some steels grades. |
Distribution of the results.
| The results in the form of interim report was distributed to the Swedish Steel Industry / JK and presented at the project meetings. |
The recommendations about the most promising TMCP parameters for obtaining the best properties in the present steels.
| The first recommendations have be given to the SSAB about the most promising process parameters (reheating temperature, TMCP and cooling/coiling parameters) for obtaining good properties in the present steels for both strips and heavy plates. |
| Environment Analyses of the energy consumption and the CO2 release into the atmosphere for used TMCP parameters for strip and heavy plate production.
| The first analyses for the studying products show that the energy consumption was reduced for the applied lower reheating temperature and some lowering of the CO2 release into the atmosphere was obtained.
|
| Reporting | Interim reporting for co-operating companies. |
R & D activities | Status |
Additional TMCP simulations for strip steels will be carried out during this period. | - Some additional TMCP simulations of hot strip rolling with high heating temperature and longer holding time at temperature, as well as variation of accelerated cooling rate to coiling temperature has been carried out in the deformation dilatometer on two present high strength steels for strip. - The analyses of the mechanical properties and microstructure on these simulated specimens have been carried out. |
More sophisticated analyses of microstructure and properties of the TMCP-steels will be carry out; | - The austenite grain size of the specimens in the as-reheated condition has been determined for the present steels. - The analyses of the precipitates in the specimens in the as-reheated condition as well as in the as-TMCP condition have been studied using transmission electron microscopy method. The chemistry of the precipitates as well as the size distribution of precipitates has been partly determined. The results of this study have been included to the progress report. - The microstructure and mechanical properties (Re, HV1, Rm calc) have been determined on all the TMCP simulated specimens and included to the progress report. - This part of is still under progress. |
| The final recommendations will be given to the SSAB about the most promising processing parameters for obtaining the best properties in the strips and heavy plates. | The recommendation about the most promising TMCP-parameters for obtaining the best properties for the strips and heavy plates have been discussed and given to the steel producers. |
| Full-scale hot rolling with application of the most promising process parameters will be carried out for;* strips at SSAB Tunnplåt in Borlänge and * heavy plates at SSAB Oxelösund. | This part of the project has been carried out partly on the heavy plates at SSAB Oxelösund.Full-scale hot rolling of strips will be carrying out during September-December. |
Environment | - The analyses of the energy reduction and lowering of the CO2 release will be carried out at the end of this year after full scale TMCP processing of the heavy plate at the SSAB Oxelösund and strips at the SSAB Tunnplåt. It will be based on the recommended slab reheating temperatures and after application the optimum time-temperature-reduction schedules for different products. |
Reporting | Progress report was distributed to the project participants at the last meeting (2007-08-21). |
Deliverables for 2008
R & D activities | Status |
| Additional full-scale hot rolling with application of the most promising process parameters will be carried out for;* strips at SSAB Tunnplåt in Borlänge and * heavy plates at SSAB Oxelösund. | |
| Analyses of microstructure and mechanical properties of the full scale processed heavy plates and strips of high strength steels will be carry out; (i) The final microstructure and mechanical properties on the hot processed heavy plate steels, (ii) The relationship between parameters of heavy plate processing (incl. cooling rate) and mechanical properties as well as microstructure / precipitates. (iii) The final microstructure and mechanical properties on the hot rolled strips of present steels, (iv) The relationship between process parameters (incl. cooling rate and coiling temperature) and mechanical properties as well as microstructure / precipitates. | |
| The recommendations will be given to the steel producers about the most promising processing parameters for obtaining the best properties in the strips and heavy plates of high strength steels. | |
| EnvironmentAnalyses of the energy reduction and lowering of the CO2 release into the atmosphere will be carried out for used slab reheating furnaces after application the optimum time-temperature schedules for full scale processed heavy plates as well as hot strip of different products. | |
| Reporting Final report of the project |
Fragmentering
/Shredding
... är en teknik som används för sönderdelning av skrot innan det smälts om till nytt stål. Genom att utveckla tekniken att finfördela skrotet kan variationerna i dess samman-sättning minskas och dess densitet ökas. Detta innebär att stålindustrin vid omsmältning av skrotet kan reducera både sitt elbehov och sina utsläpp av koldioxid.
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Laseranalys
/Laser analysis
... är en teknik som nu utvecklas för snabb bestämning av skrotets metallinnehåll. Stålindustrin väntas här få tillgång till en teknologi som kan komma att reducera behovet av jungfruliga metaller vid användning av skrot för tillverkning av nytt stål.
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Skrotflödet i samhället
/Recycling of steel
... är trots den höga återvinningsgraden föga dokumenterat. Med bättre kunskaper skapas förutsättningar för ökad återvinning och bättre styrning av skrotsorter för optimerad skrot-användning. Stålindustrin får möjlighet att effektivisera sin energianvänd-ning, stora ekonomiska värden tas till vara och miljöbelastningen minskar.
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Ytrening av skrot
/Surface cleaning of scrap
... är en teknik som skall bredda användningen av färg- och metallbelagt skrot som råvara till ett ökat antal stålsorter. För stålindustrin innebär användning av ytrenat och förvärmt skrot att både energi-användning och koldioxidutsläpp kan reduceras. Dessutom kan den avdrivna zinkbeläggningen komma att återanvändas inom zinkindustrin.
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Vanadinutvinning
/Recovery of Vanadium
Det finns låga halter av vanadin i svensk järnmalm. Genom utveckling av metoder för utvinning av vanadinet får en redan exploaterad naturresurs ett ökat miljövärde.
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Ökat metallutbyte vid smältning av stål/New melting processes EAF
... är teoretiskt möjligt genom metallurgisk manipulering under smältförloppet. Målet är att skapa sådana förhållanden att metaller överförs till stålet i stället för till slaggen. Detta innebär minskat behov av jungfruliga metaller, samtidigt som slaggen kan ges nya användnings-områden.
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Återvinning av slagg
/New slag systems EAF
... är tekniskt möjligt genom utveckling av nya metoder för lakning av olika metaller ur slagger, t.ex vanadin, och behandling av slagger så de kan användas som t.ex isoleringsmaterial eller cementråvara. Vissa slagger kan också användas som ny slaggbildare i stålprocessen, vilket minskar behovet av ny kalk. Återvinning av slagg miinskar både behovet av deponering och förbrukningen av nya naturresurser vid ståltillverkningen.
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Bevarande av alla ämnen i skrotet
/Tolerance of recycled elements
... är en teoretisk studie som skall söka klarlägga hur dessa kan nyttjas för att ge den färdiga stålproduktens önskade egenskaper. Om sådan "självlegering" blir praktisk möjlig kan de metalliska ämnen som finns i skrotet, och som normalt avlägsnas i processen, bevaras i det nya stålet. Detta innebär att förlusten av metaller ur stålets kretslopp kan reduceras.
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Nya höghållfasta stålprodukter
/Optimisation of hot rolling
... är ett forskningsprojekt som skall identifiera de processparametrar som vid värmning och valsning har störst inverkan på materialegenskaperna. De nya rönen kan ge stålindustrin möjligheter att med ökad precision framställa nya avancerade stålsorter och samtidigt minska förbrukningen av fossila bränslen.
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Metoder för lättare stålkonstruktioner
/High strength steel structures
...ska för avancerade höghållfasta stål utmynna i att stålets egenskaper kopplas till produkternas användning och återvinning ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Genom denna metodutveckling kan stål-, bygg- och verkstadsindustrin få nya infallsvinklar på användandet av stål som både kan minska behovet av jungfruliga metaller och reducera emissionerna vid såväl tillverkning som användning av produkterna.
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Miljövärderingsanalyser
/Environmental evaluation
I. Methodology for evaluation of environmental impact
...ska påvisa Stålkretsloppets miljövärde med beaktande av ekologiska, tekniska och sociala faktorer. Miljövärderingar ger forskare, industri, användare och samhället i övrigt möjlighet att värdera såväl stålets nytta för miljön som dess belastning på miljön ur ett livscykelperspektiv. En metod som gör miljövärderingar tillgängliga för objektiva beslut.
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II. Conjoint analysis as a decision tool for evaluation of environmental performance of for instance experts and consumers preferences
... tar fram en metod för att mäta olika experters och andra intressenters attityder till och värdering av komplexa miljöfrågor.
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